Body Composition and Nutrients Dietary Intake Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown in Spanish Healthy Postmenopausal Women.

(1) Background: During the COVID-19 lockdown, high rates of physical inactivity and dietary imbalances were reported in both adults and adolescents. Physical separation and isolation not only have a significant impact on the performance of physical activity but also affect people's lives, particularly their dietary habits. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether or not bioelectrical impedance-derived body composition parameters and dietary habits were affected during the pandemic-associated lockdown in postmenopausal Spanish women. (2) Methods: Sixty-six women participated in the study (58.7 ± 5.4 years) before (between July−October 2019) and after (August−October 2020) the lockdown, which occurred as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Body composition parameters were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis while dietary intake of proteins, fat, carbohydrates, and energy was measured by a food frequency questionnaire. (3) Results Regarding body composition, no differences were observed in fat mass in % (mean increase 0.05 (2.74); p = 0.567), fat mass in kg (mean increase −0.07 (4.137); p = 0.356) or lean mass in kg (mean increase 0.20 (1.424); p = 0.636). Similarly, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two study periods for any of the nutrients studied, nor for energy intake (p > 0.05 in all cases). (4) Conclusions: After comprehensively assessing body composition and dietary intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and energy before and after COVID-19 lockdown in healthy adult women in Spain no changes in the parameters studied were observed during the period analyzed in the women examined.

"Por las razones adecuadas": producción y competencias científicas en la investigación en terapia ocupacional / "For the right reasons": scientific production and competencies in occupational therapy research

La investigación de calidad es una de las piedras angulares sobre la que se sustenta la práctica basada en la evidencia. De esta forma, tanto leer como producir ciencia nos pone en el camino para realizar la mejor toma de decisiones posible sobre los procedimientos a aplicar junto con los usuarios. En estos últimos años se han evidenciado las limitaciones y barreras a las que se enfrentan los y las terapeutas ocupacionales a la hora de implementar una terapia ocupacional basada en la evidencia de calidad en su práctica diaria: mayor necesidad de formación metodológica, en bioestadística y/o dificultad para analizar la literatura disponible. Además, cada vez se tiene una mayor conciencia de la existencia de una brecha entre el ejercicio profesional y la investigación, lo que esperamos invite a reducir dicha brecha para poder ofrecer a la sociedad una práctica basada en las mejores evidencias disponibles.

High quality research is one of the foundations on which evidence-based occupational therapy is sustained. In this way, both reading and producing science allows us to take the best decisions about the most appropriate approaches to apply with our users. In recent years, the limitations and barriers faced by occupational therapists implementing an evidence-based occupational therapy in their daily practice have become obvious: a greater need for both methodological and biostatistics training, or the difficulty in analyzing the available literature. But there is a growing awareness of the existence of a gap between professional practice and research, which we hope will help to reduce this gap to offer society a practice based on the best available evidence.

Nutrition and Women's Bone Health.

Nutrition is a key element that has the potential to reduce bone loss or fracture risk [...].

SCRUTATIOm: cómo detectar literatura retractada incluida en revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis usando SCOPUS© y ZOTERO© / SCRUTATIOm: how to detect retracted literature included in systematics reviews and metaanalysis using SCOPUS© and ZOTERO©

Una buena y precisa revisión de la literatura es un elemento clave de las revisiones sistemáticas y de los metaanálisis, pues deben basarse en estudios originales de alta calidad y lógicamente nunca retractados. El objetivo de la presente nota metodológica es proporcionar un sistema rápido, reproducible y fiable de detección de literatura retractada incluida en revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, que permite verificar la consistencia de los resultados y habilita la posibilidad de poder comunicar la potencial presencia de errores a las revistas implicadas mediante un proceso de revisión posterior a la publicación (post peer review). La aplicación sistemática del método SCRUTATIOm permitiría saber si en nuestra área de trabajo se ha publicado un determinado estudio que puede no aportar evidencia consistente al cuerpo del conocimiento. (AU)

A good and accurate literature review is a key element of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and always needs to be based on high quality original studies and logically never retracted. The aim of this methodological note is to provide a fast, reproducible and reliable system for detecting retracted literature included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, allowing the consistency of the results of these to be verified and enabling the possibility of being able to communicate the potential presence of errors to the journals involved by means of a post-publication or post-peer review process. The SCRUTATIOm method, apply routinely, allows us to know if a certain study has been published in our field of study, which may not provide consistent evidence to the body of knowledge. (AU)

[SCRUTATIOm: how to detect retracted literature included in systematics reviews and metaanalysis using SCOPUS© and ZOTERO©]. / SCRUTATIOm: cómo detectar literatura retractada incluida en revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis usando SCOPUS© y ZOTERO©.

A good and accurate literature review is a key element of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and always needs to be based on high quality original studies and logically never retracted. The aim of this methodological note is to provide a fast, reproducible and reliable system for detecting retracted literature included in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, allowing the consistency of the results of these to be verified and enabling the possibility of being able to communicate the potential presence of errors to the journals involved by means of a post-publication or post-peer review process. The SCRUTATIOm method, apply routinely, allows us to know if a certain study has been published in our field of study, which may not provide consistent evidence to the body of knowledge.

Cognitive Reserve Characteristics and Occupational Performance Implications in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

The Cognitive Reserve hypothesis suggests that there are individual differences in the ability to cope with the pathologic changes in Alzheimer's Disease. The proportion of elderly individuals has increased in recent years; this increase emphasizes the importance of early detection of mild cognitive impairment and the promotion of healthy ageing. The purpose of our study is to characterize cognitive reserve and occupational performance implications in people with mild cognitive impairment. 125 patients with mild cognitive impairment were enrolled. The Montreal Cognitive Assessments (MoCA) was used to evaluate cognitive status and the Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire (CRIq) as an indicator of cognitive reserve. Higher level of education was associated with higher MoCA scores (r = 0.290, p = 0.001). Positive significant correlations were observed between MoCA and total CRIq (r = 0.385, p < 0.001) as well as its three sub-domains, education (r = 0.231, p = 0.010), working activity (r = 0.237, p = 0.008) and leisure time (r = 0.319, p < 0.001). This study findings provide the importance of considering socio-behavioral factors in cognitive status. This research helps to describe the importance of engaging occupationally along the whole life-course as a potential protective factor in ageing, and includes a perspective of occupational therapy regarding the hypothesis of cognitive reserve.

Plasma Fatty Acids and Quantitative Ultrasound, DXA and pQCT Derived Parameters in Postmenopausal Spanish Women.

Different factors may contribute to the development of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Fatty acids are key nutrients for health, and a number of studies have reported an association between bone mineral density (BMD) and fatty acid intake. We aimed to investigate the relationships between serum levels of different fatty acids and bone parameters determined by quantitative bone ultrasound (QUS), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a sample of Spanish postmenopausal women. We enrolled a total of 301 postmenopausal women (median age 59 years; interquartile range (IQR) 7) in this study. All participants underwent full densitometric screening, including calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS), peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), as well as plasma fatty acid measurement. After adjustment for potential confounders, plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels correlated with BMD in the spine (r = 0.150; p = 0.014) and femoral neck (r = 0.143; p = 0.019). By multiple linear regression, an independent statistically significant positive relationship was observed between BMD in the spine and BMI (ß = 0.288; p = 0.001) as well as total plasma n-3 PUFAs (ß = 0.155; p = 0.009). The plasma n-3 PUFA level was also a significant and positive predictor of BMD at the femoral neck (ß = 0.146; p = 0.009). Independent risk factors for low BMD (T-score ≤ 1) were determined by logistic regression analysis, and a relatively high level of plasma n-3 PUFAs (OR = 0.751; 95% CI 0.587-0.960, p = 0.022) was identified as a protective factor against low bone mass. In this single-center sample of Spanish postmenopausal women, we reported a significant positive and statistically independent association between BMD and plasma levels of n-3 PUFAs.

Long-Term Dietary and Physical Activity Interventions in the School Setting and Their Effects on BMI in Children Aged 6-12 Years: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials.

Preventive actions and potential obesity interventions for children are mainly researched throughout the school period, either as part of the school curricula or after regular school hours, via interventions mostly lasting less than 12 months. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis on randomized controlled clinical trials to evaluate the evidence of the efficacy of long-term school-based interventions in the management of childhood obesity in terms of BMI from a dietary and physical activity-based approach. Eleven randomized controlled clinical trials were examined using the random effects model, and the results showed that there were no significant effects associated with physical activity + nutrition intervention in school children aged 6-12 years, with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) (95% CI) of -0.00 (-0.05, 0.04). No effects were observed after subgroup analysis based on the intervention length. The findings from our study indicate that long-term school-based interventions on physical activity and dietary habits received by children aged 6-12 years seem to have no effect on BMI. However, the promotion of such interventions should not be discouraged, as they promote additional positive health outcomes for other domains of children's health.

Health-Related Quality of Life in Spanish Women with Eating Disorders.

People with eating disorders show impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to investigate the relative role of physical and mental factors and stage of change as possible predictors of HRQoL in a group of Spanish women (n = 124) with eating disorders. For this purpose, initial and follow-up data were obtained after 6 months from patients attending an outpatient treatment unit for eating disorders. The determinants of the physical and mental domains of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire were investigated in the total sample and separately based on the eating disorder diagnosis by multiple linear regression. Lower scores in the physical component of the SF-36 questionnaire were associated with the presence of a higher body mass index (BMI) at follow-up as well as a higher score in the "action" component of the Attitudes towards Change in Eating Disorders Questionnaire (ACTA). Conversely, a higher index in the EuroQoL-5D overall quality of life questionnaire (EQ-5D) and the presence of obsessive compulsive disorder were associated with a higher score in the physical dimension. The instrument used demonstrated the ability to assess changes associated with the physical component of these patients over the period studied, and the analysis provided more information and specific data on different aspects of HRQoL, thus allowing a more detailed analysis of the information.

Quotation Accuracy of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols on Acupuncture.

Currently, published systematic review protocols (SR protocols) have increasingly become a new trend in fields such as acupuncture and are therefore a new source of quotations in these fields. Systematic reviews are considered the pinnacle of the evidence pyramid as they embody comprehensive literature searching. Quotations are key elements to achieve this goal as they can support the assertions of the original authors, but the 'misquotation' exists, too, and they can be misleading to the reader. The aim of this study was to examine the quotation accuracy of SR protocols in a meta-analysis on acupuncture research. We searched SCOPUS through 31 December, 2020, and each protocol and its citations were analyzed and classified as correct or incorrect. We used descriptive statistics to report the quotation errors and characteristics of the included protocols. The results showed 248 SR protocols, where 124 protocols received quotations and 38 quotations (31.4%) were erroneous. Only 11 (4.4%) of the published SRs and SR protocols had been published previously. Furthermore, the scientific journal in which the most SR protocols were published was Medicine (193; 77.8%), followed by BMJ Open (39; 15.7%). Authors from China (86.5%) were the most productive in publishing SRs and SR protocols. Finally, we concluded that the number of SR protocols and meta-analyses published in scientific journals and indexed by databases exceeds the publication capacity of the SRs associated with them, generating scientific literature that does not make any novel contribution to knowledge.

Nursing Genetic Research: New Insights Linking Breast Cancer Genetics and Bone Density.

Nursing research is expected to provide options for the primary prevention of disease and health promotion, regardless of pathology or disease. Nurses have the skills to develop and lead research that addresses the relationship between genetic factors and health. Increasing genetic knowledge and research capacity through interdisciplinary cooperation as well as the development of research resources, will accelerate the rate at which nurses contribute to the knowledge about genetics and health. There are currently different fields in which knowledge can be expanded by research developed from the nursing field. Here, we present an emerging field of research in which it is hypothesized that genetics may affect bone metabolism. Better insight of genetic factors that are contributing to metabolic bone diseases would allow for focused nursing care and preventive interventions.

Preclinical assessment methodology using a dental simulator during dental students' first and third years.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the parameters recorded by the Simodont dental trainer and methacrylate block grades during preclinical practicums to validate whether manual skills can be assessed by both methodologies, over a period of two years and to obtain a preclinical evaluation methodology for all the parameters that measure Simodont performance in each of the prepared figures. To this end, the methacrylate block practice's criteria and evaluation scale were used as predictors. A total of 82 students who completed the first year of dentistry were followed for 2 years. Their performance on the same task (i.e., cavity preparation of three figures in the Simodont and methacrylate blocks) was then reevaluated in the third year. Manual skill improvement was detected in all the students. The parameters measured by the Simodont were used as predictors of the methacrylate block evaluation's results, performed by a professor. Multiple linear regression models for each of the figures and years evaluated in the study were proposed. The present study demonstrates that both methodologies can detect manual skill improvement in dental students. Additionally, the Simodont practice can be reliably evaluated.

Depressed Mood after Stroke: Predictive Factors at Six Months Follow-Up.

We aimed to know the prevalence of post-stroke depression (PSD) in our context, identify the variables that could predict post-stroke depression, by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, occurring within six months after stroke, and identify patients at high risk for PSD. METHODS: descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study. We included 173 patients with stroke (transient ischemic attack (TIA) included) and collected sociodemographic and clinical variables. We used the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) for depression assessment and Barthel Index and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) for functional assessment. The neurological severity was evaluated by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). RESULTS: 35.5% were women, aged 71.16 (±12.3). Depression was present in 42.2% patients (n = 73) at six months after stroke. The following variables were significantly associated with PSD: diagnosis of previous depression (p = 0.005), the modified Rankin Scale at discharge (p = 0.032) and length of hospital stay (p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: PSD is highly prevalent after stroke and is associated with the severity, left location of the stroke, and the degree of disability at discharge. Its impact justifies the evaluation and early treatment that still continues to be a challenge today.

Sample Size Calculation. Comment on Quantitative Ultrasound and Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry as Indicators of Bone Mineral Density in Young Women and Nutritional Factors Affecting It, Nutrients, 2019, 11, 2336.

We have read with interest the recently published paper by Schraders et al [...].